Ivan's island
  • Home
  • Blog
  • CATEGORIES
  • Rules

Happy Ending Problem, 2

11/4/2018

0 Comments

 
The Happy Ending problem (named so by Paul Erdős as it led to the marriage of his friends Esther Klein and George Szekeres) was originally stated by Esther Klein in the following manner:

There are five points on a flat surface, no two of which are coinciding and no three of which are on a straight line. Prove that four of these points are vertices of a convex quadrilateral.
 
This simple theorem has a simple proof but, as the unheard of and complex concept of the so called convex hull is involved, the proof could be unintelligible to non-mathematicians, high school students inclusive. So, here is the simplest proof of mine, in which you can meet the familiar points and lines only.
 
Let us think about the five points as of two lines and an extra point. Line l1 is defined by P1 and P2, line l2 is defined by P3 and P4, and P5 is the extra point. There are only 3 cases to consider:
​
Case 1. Neither line intersects the segment between the points on the other line. One can build a convex quadrilateral by connecting the points on l1 and l2.
Picture
Case 2. Each line intersects the segment between the points of the other line. One can build a convex quadrilateral by connecting the points on l1 and l2.
Picture
Case 3. Only one of the lines intersects the segment on the other line. Let us assume without loss of generality that l1 intersects the P3P4 segment of l2. P5 can be in any part of the plane, but fortunately those parts are of only two types, O (coming from Other) and S (coming from Same).

О means there exists a line dividing the plane so that P5 is in one half of the plane and a triangle consisting of three of the other points exists in the other half such that when P5 is connected to two of its vertices a convex quadrilateral is built (see below the line P2P4 allowing us to build the convex quadrilaterals P2P3P4P5 and P1P2P5P4).
Picture
S means there exists a line dividing the plane so that P5 is in one half of the plane and a triangle consisting of three of the other points exists in the same half such that when P5 is connected to two of its vertices a convex quadrilateral is built (see below the line P1P2 allowing us to build the convex quadrilateral P4P1P2P5).
Picture
We have just exhausted all possible arrangements of two lines and a point in a plane and proved that a convex quadrilateral can be built in each and every one of them. Q.E.D.
0 Comments

Your comment will be posted after it is approved.


Leave a Reply.

    RSS Feed

    This website uses marketing and tracking technologies. Opting out of this will opt you out of all cookies, except for those needed to run the website. Note that some products may not work as well without tracking cookies.

    Opt Out of Cookies

    Categories

    All
    Alan Turing
    Aphorisms
    Art
    Asymmetries
    Bacillus Bulgaricus
    Economics
    Environment
    History
    Hr
    InEnglish
    Intelligence
    Language
    Mathematics
    Music
    Paradoxes
    Politics
    Psychology
    Reading&writing
    Seriouslessness

    Archives

    June 2023
    May 2023
    April 2023
    March 2023
    February 2023
    January 2023
    December 2022
    November 2022
    October 2022
    September 2022
    August 2022
    July 2022
    June 2022
    May 2022
    April 2022
    March 2022
    February 2022
    January 2022
    December 2021
    November 2021
    October 2021
    September 2021
    August 2021
    July 2021
    June 2021
    May 2021
    April 2021
    March 2021
    February 2021
    January 2021
    December 2020
    November 2020
    October 2020
    September 2020
    August 2020
    July 2020
    June 2020
    May 2020
    April 2020
    March 2020
    February 2020
    January 2020
    December 2019
    November 2019
    October 2019
    September 2019
    August 2019
    July 2019
    June 2019
    May 2019
    April 2019
    March 2019
    February 2019
    January 2019
    December 2018
    November 2018
    October 2018
    September 2018
    August 2018
    July 2018
    June 2018
    May 2018
    April 2018
    March 2018
    February 2018
    January 2018
    December 2017
    November 2017
    October 2017
    September 2017
    August 2017
    July 2017
    June 2017
    May 2017
    April 2017
    March 2017
    February 2017
    January 2017
    December 2016
    November 2016
    October 2016
    September 2016
    August 2016
    July 2016
    June 2016
    May 2016
    April 2016
    March 2016
    February 2016
    January 2016
    December 2015
    November 2015
    October 2015
    September 2015
    August 2015
    July 2015
    June 2015
    May 2015
    April 2015
    March 2015
    February 2015
    January 2015
    December 2014
    November 2014
    October 2014
    September 2014
    August 2014
    July 2014
    June 2014
    May 2014
    April 2014
    March 2014
    February 2014
    January 2014
    December 2013
    November 2013
    October 2013
    September 2013
    August 2013
    July 2013
    June 2013
    May 2013
    April 2013
    March 2013
    February 2013
    January 2013
    August 2012

Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates.